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Class 12 Economics New Syllabus Complete Notes NEB | HSEB
CHAPTER - 1 Basic concepts of Economics and Allocation of Resources
Introduction to EconomicsScarcity and choice
Opportunity Cost
Production Possibility Curve (PPC)/Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)
- The Shape of Production Possibility Curve
- The shift in Production Possibility Curve
Allocation of Resource
A. The Problem of Allocation of Resources
B. How to achieve Fuller Utilization or Full Utilization of Resources
C. How to Achieve Growth of Resources?
Division of Labour
- Concept of Division of Labour with advantages and disadvantages
- Types of Division of Labour
Specialization
Concept of Specialization with advantages and disadvantages
- Additional Article on Specialization
Economic System
- Types of Economy
Perfect competition market with Features
Imperfect Competition with Features and Types
A. Monopoly Market
- Features or Characteristics of Monopoly Market
B. Monopolistic Competition
- Features or Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition Market
Total Revenue (TR), Average Revenue (AR), and Marginal Revenue (MR)
- Nature of TR, AR, and MR under Perfect Competition
- Nature of TR, AR, and MR under Monopoly Market
Numerical Portion
Derivation of Short-run Total Cost Curves
Difference between Variable cost and Fixed Cost
Derivation of Short-run Average Cost (AC) Curves
Derivation of Marginal Cost (MC) Curve
Relationship Between AC and MC
Numerical Portion
Concept of Equilibrium
- Equilibrium of an Industry under Perfect competition
- Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition and Monopoly using TR-TC approach
- Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition and Monopoly using MR-MC approach
- Price and Output Determination Under Perfect Competition in Short run
- Price and Output Determination Under Perfect Competition in the Long run
- Price and Output Determination Under Monopoly in Short run
- Price and Output Determination Under Monopoly in the Long run
Concept of Specialization with advantages and disadvantages
- Additional Article on Specialization
Economic System
- Types of Economy
CHAPTER - 2 Market and Revenue Curves
Concept of Market with featuresPerfect competition market with Features
Imperfect Competition with Features and Types
A. Monopoly Market
- Features or Characteristics of Monopoly Market
B. Monopolistic Competition
- Features or Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition Market
Total Revenue (TR), Average Revenue (AR), and Marginal Revenue (MR)
- Nature of TR, AR, and MR under Perfect Competition
- Nature of TR, AR, and MR under Monopoly Market
Numerical Portion
CHAPTER - 3 Cost Curves
Concept of Cost and its typesDerivation of Short-run Total Cost Curves
Difference between Variable cost and Fixed Cost
Derivation of Short-run Average Cost (AC) Curves
Derivation of Marginal Cost (MC) Curve
Relationship Between AC and MC
Numerical Portion
CHAPTER - 4 Theory of Price and Output Determination
Concept of Firm and IndustryConcept of Equilibrium
- Equilibrium of an Industry under Perfect competition
- Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition and Monopoly using TR-TC approach
- Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition and Monopoly using MR-MC approach
- Price and Output Determination Under Perfect Competition in Short run
- Price and Output Determination Under Perfect Competition in the Long run
- Price and Output Determination Under Monopoly in Short run
- Price and Output Determination Under Monopoly in the Long run
Comparison between Perfect Competition and Monopoly
- Similarities between Perfect Competition and Monopoly- Differences between Perfect Competition and Monopoly
Numerical Portion
CHAPTER - 5 Factor Pricing
Introduction to Factor PricingRent
- Meaning of Rent and Types of Rent
- Contract Rent Vs Economic Rent
- Ricardian/ Classical Theory of Rent
Wages
- Concept of Wages and Types of Wages
- Money Wage Vs Real Wage
- Subsistence theory of Wages
- Wage fund theory of Wages
Interest
- Concept of Interest and Types of Interest
- Gross Interest Vs Net Interest
- Classical/ Real theory of Interest
Profit
- Concept of Profit and Types of Profit
- Gross Profit Vs Net Profit
- Risk Theory of Profit
- Uncertainty Bearing Theory of Profit
CHAPTER - 6 Banking and Monetary Policy
Origin and Development of BankMeaning and definition of Bank and its roles and importances
Classification or Types of Banks
Central Bank and its Functions
Commercial Bank and its Functions
Financial Market (Money Market and Capital Market) With their Features
- Additional Article on Financial Market (Money Market and Capital Market)
- Capital Market Vs Money Market
- Monetary Policy
Current Situation/Status of Commercial Banks and Development Banks in Nepal
- Scope of Government Finance
- Role/ Importance of Government Finance
Concept of Government Revenue
- Sources of Government Revenue
Concept of Government Expenditure
- Importance of Government Expenditure
- Classification of Government Expenditure
Concept of Taxes
- Direct Taxes
- Indirect Taxes
- Capital Market Vs Money Market
- Monetary Policy
Current Situation/Status of Commercial Banks and Development Banks in Nepal
CHAPTER - 7 Government Finance
Concept of Government Finance- Scope of Government Finance
- Role/ Importance of Government Finance
Concept of Government Revenue
- Sources of Government Revenue
Concept of Government Expenditure
- Importance of Government Expenditure
- Classification of Government Expenditure
Concept of Taxes
- Direct Taxes
- Indirect Taxes
Systems of Tax
- Progressive Tax
- Regressive Tax
- Proportional Tax
- Digressive Tax
Qualities or Features of Good Tax System
Government Borrowing
- Importance of Government Borrowing
- Sources of Government Borrowing
Government Budget
- Types of Budget
- Process of Budget Formulation
- Deficit Financing
- Progressive Tax
- Regressive Tax
- Proportional Tax
- Digressive Tax
Qualities or Features of Good Tax System
Government Borrowing
- Importance of Government Borrowing
- Sources of Government Borrowing
Government Budget
- Types of Budget
- Process of Budget Formulation
- Deficit Financing
CHAPTER - 8 International Trade
Concept and Importance of International Trade(Another Article on International Trade)
Balance of Trade
Balance of Payment
Exchange Rate
Free Trade and Protectionism
The Comparative Cost Theory of International Trade
Bases of International Trade
Measures to reduce the trade deficit in Nepal
- Causes of Poverty
- Features/ Characteristics of Poverty
- Current Situation of Poverty in Nepal
Concept of Inequality
- Causes of Inequality
- Measures to Mitigate Inequality
Concept of Unemployment
- Types of Unemployment
- Causes of Unemployment
- Methods to generate Employment Opportunities
Concept of Human Resources
- Role or Importance of Human Resources
- Indicators of Human Development
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Current situation of the Population in Nepal
Growth of Nepalese Foreign Trade
Composition of Nepalese Foreign Trade
The direction of Foreign Trade in Nepal
Problems of Nepalese Foreign Trade
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Balance of Trade
Balance of Payment
Exchange Rate
Free Trade and Protectionism
The Comparative Cost Theory of International Trade
Bases of International Trade
Measures to reduce the trade deficit in Nepal
CHAPTER - 9 Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment and Human Resources
Concept of Poverty- Causes of Poverty
- Features/ Characteristics of Poverty
- Current Situation of Poverty in Nepal
Concept of Inequality
- Causes of Inequality
- Measures to Mitigate Inequality
Concept of Unemployment
- Types of Unemployment
- Causes of Unemployment
- Methods to generate Employment Opportunities
Concept of Human Resources
- Role or Importance of Human Resources
- Indicators of Human Development
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Current situation of the Population in Nepal
CHAPTER - 10 Nepalese Foreign Trade and Foreign Employment
Concept of Nepalese Foreign TradeGrowth of Nepalese Foreign Trade
Composition of Nepalese Foreign Trade
The direction of Foreign Trade in Nepal
Problems of Nepalese Foreign Trade
World Trade Organization (WTO)
South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
Foreign Employment and Remittance
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Employment
- Development Planning in Nepal
- Past Development Plans of Nepal in brief
- General Evaluation of Immediate Past Plan (15th plan) of Nepal
- Current 16th Periodic plan of Nepal (2024/25 to 2028/29)
- Process of Plan Formulation in Nepal
No Poverty and Nepal
Zero Starvation and Nepal
Decent Work, Economics Growth and Nepal
Quality Education and Nepal
Functions of Statistics
Need and Importance of Statistics
Limitations of Statistics
Pre-requisites of data collection
Types of Data
Methods of Collecting Primary data
- Choice of Method
- Problems of Collecting Primary Data
Sources of Secondary Data
- Published sources
- Unpublished sources
- Precautions in the usage of Secondary data
- Problems in Collecting Secondary Data
Techniques of Data Collection
Methods of Sampling
- Objectives of Measuring Dispersion
- Characteristics for an Ideal Measure of Dispersion
- Absolute and Relative measure of dispersion
- Various methods of Measures of Dispersion
- Features of Index Numbers
- Importance of Index Numbers
- Types of Index Numbers
Usable Terminologies in Constructing Index Numbers
Methods of Constructing Index Numbers
- Simple/ Unweighted Index Number
- Weighted Index Number
Limitations of Index Numbers
Foreign Employment and Remittance
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Employment
CHAPTER - 11 Development Planning in Nepal
Meaning and Definition of Development Planning- Development Planning in Nepal
- Past Development Plans of Nepal in brief
- General Evaluation of Immediate Past Plan (15th plan) of Nepal
- Current 16th Periodic plan of Nepal (2024/25 to 2028/29)
- Process of Plan Formulation in Nepal
CHAPTER - 12 Sustainable Development Goals and Nepal
Concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations (UN)No Poverty and Nepal
Zero Starvation and Nepal
Decent Work, Economics Growth and Nepal
Quality Education and Nepal
CHAPTER - 13 Introduction to statistics
Origin and Definition of StatisticsFunctions of Statistics
Need and Importance of Statistics
Limitations of Statistics
CHAPTER - 14 Data Collection
Concept of Data CollectionPre-requisites of data collection
Types of Data
Methods of Collecting Primary data
- Choice of Method
- Problems of Collecting Primary Data
Sources of Secondary Data
- Published sources
- Unpublished sources
- Precautions in the usage of Secondary data
- Problems in Collecting Secondary Data
Techniques of Data Collection
Methods of Sampling
CHAPTER - 15 Measures of Dispersion
Concept of 'Measures of Dispersion'- Objectives of Measuring Dispersion
- Characteristics for an Ideal Measure of Dispersion
- Absolute and Relative measure of dispersion
- Various methods of Measures of Dispersion
CHAPTER - 16 Index Numbers
Concept of Index Numbers- Features of Index Numbers
- Importance of Index Numbers
- Types of Index Numbers
Usable Terminologies in Constructing Index Numbers
Methods of Constructing Index Numbers
- Simple/ Unweighted Index Number
- Weighted Index Number
Limitations of Index Numbers
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