Knowledge and Wisdom summary and exercise | Class 12 English Notes

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Knowledge and Wisdom Summary and Exercise: Questions & Answers | Class 12 English Notes

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Knowledge and Wisdom by Bertrand Russell

Summary for Class 12 NEB Students

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872–1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist, and social critic whose work explored both analytical thinking and the human condition. In his essay Knowledge and Wisdom, Russell distinguishes between two closely related but fundamentally different aspects of human understanding. While knowledge refers to the accumulation of facts and information, wisdom is the ability to apply that knowledge meaningfully and ethically in life. Russell’s essay emphasizes that modern society has expanded knowledge enormously, yet this increase has not been matched by a proportional rise in wisdom — a gap that can have serious consequences for both individuals and humanity as a whole.

In the essay, Russell first clarifies the difference between knowledge and wisdom. Knowledge, he explains, involves acquiring information, data, and theories through study and learning. Wisdom, on the other hand, is not merely knowing facts but using that information with insight, compassion, and judgement to make sound decisions that benefit the individual and society. Wisdom includes qualities such as a sense of proportion, objectivity, freedom from personal bias, and understanding human needs. Russell argues that wisdom cannot arise from memorization alone; it must be developed through experience, reflection, and moral growth. He illustrates that knowledge without wisdom can lead to harmful outcomes; for example, scientific advances might bring benefits but also unintended consequences if not guided by wise judgement.

Russell further contends that education should foster both knowledge and wisdom. He believes that simply teaching facts is insufficient unless learners are also encouraged to think critically, cultivate empathy, and understand the ethical dimensions of their actions. Wisdom, for Russell, involves seeing beyond immediate results and anticipating the broader effects of decisions on humanity. By integrating knowledge with wisdom, individuals can pursue goals that promote harmony, cooperation, and the common good. The essay ultimately suggests that the world needs increasing wisdom to guide the ever‑growing store of human knowledge so that it is used responsibly and constructively.

Key Themes

  • Difference between knowledge and wisdom – knowledge is information; wisdom is its thoughtful application.

  • Wisdom’s essential qualities – sense of proportion, objectivity, freedom from bias, and understanding of human needs.

  • Importance of ethical use of knowledge – knowledge without wisdom can be harmful.

  • Role of education – education should cultivate both knowledge and wisdom.

  • Need for wisdom in the future – greater knowledge demands greater wisdom to navigate its consequences.

Glossary

  • knowledge (n.): information, facts, and ideas learned through study or experience. 

  • wisdom (n.): the ability to apply knowledge with good judgement and understanding.

  • objectivity (n.): the quality of being fair and unbiased.

  • bias (n.): a tendency to favour one way of thinking without reason. 

  • proportion (n.): proper balance among various parts.

  • ethics (n.): moral principles that guide behaviour.

  • judgement (n.): ability to make considered decisions.

  • reflection (n.): thoughtful consideration.

  • education (n.): process of learning and developing knowledge.

  • humanity (n.): all human beings collectively; the human race.

Before Reading

a. What are the differences between a learned man and a wise man?

A learned man may have extensive knowledge and information, whereas a wise man knows how, when, where, and why to apply that knowledge effectively in real life.

b. Why do you think some knowledgeable people are not wise?

Knowledge and wisdom are different. For example, Bhanu Bhakta had vast knowledge, but the grass cutter (Ghasi) was wiser because he applied practical understanding in daily life. Knowledge alone does not ensure sound judgment or wisdom.

Understanding the Text

a. What are the factors that contribute to wisdom?

Factors contributing to wisdom include:

  • Sense of proportion

  • Comprehensive understanding

  • Awareness of human life’s ultimate ends

  • Realistic approach to situations

  • Freedom from personal prejudices

  • Avoiding negative reactions

  • Impartiality in judgment

b. What message does the writer convey with the example of technicians?

Russell uses technicians as an example to demonstrate sense of proportion, one of the key aspects of wisdom. Properly applying knowledge requires understanding its consequences.

c. Which leaders, according to Russell, mixed knowledge and wisdom successfully?

Leaders such as Queen Elizabeth I of England, Henry IV of France, and Abraham Lincoln of the USA successfully combined knowledge with wisdom.

d. Why is wisdom needed not only in public but also in private life?

Wisdom is necessary in private life to make sound personal choices, pursue dreams carefully, and avoid ruining life in the pursuit of unrealistic goals like the philosopher’s stone or the elixir of life.

e. According to Russell, what is the true aim of education?

The ultimate aim of education is the welfare and self-development of students, guiding them to apply knowledge effectively in life.

f. Can wisdom be taught? If so, how?

Yes, wisdom can be taught alongside knowledge through moral instruction, practical experiences, and guidance on ethical decision-making.

g. Why does the world need more wisdom in the future?

As knowledge and skills increase, so does the potential for both good and harm. Wisdom is essential to use knowledge responsibly, avoid destruction, and safeguard humanity.

Reference to the Context

a. Justify Russell’s statement: “The pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom.”

Russell defines knowledge as data acquisition and wisdom as the practical application of knowledge. Pursuing knowledge without wisdom may lead to harmful consequences. For example, scientific knowledge misused (like atomic energy) can cause destruction. Knowledge combined with wisdom allows individuals to act responsibly, make sound decisions, and contribute positively to society.

b. What is the essence of wisdom, and how can it be acquired?

Wisdom is right understanding and practical application of knowledge. It requires:

  • Awareness of consequences

  • Sense of proportion

  • Understanding ultimate human values

Wisdom is acquired through learning, experience, reflection, and moral guidance. Knowledge without wisdom may lead to harm, whereas the combination of both creates responsible, insightful individuals.

Reference Beyond the Text

a. Why is wisdom necessary in education?

Wisdom is essential to distinguish right from wrong, use knowledge ethically, and make sound decisions. Knowledge alone is insufficient; it must be applied wisely. Students must learn not only facts but also how to navigate life responsibly, balancing ambition with moral understanding.

For example, knowing how to use advanced technology or scientific knowledge is insufficient without wisdom to ensure it benefits humanity rather than causing harm. Education should aim to develop both knowledge and wisdom for personal and societal welfare.

b. How can you become wise? Does your college experience contribute to wisdom?

Wisdom comes from experience, learning, reflection, and moral guidance. In college, I develop wisdom by:

  • Taking ownership of problems and solutions

  • Seeking help and guidance rather than struggling alone

  • Planning a reasonable schedule and managing resources wisely

  • Following professional advice

  • Applying practical knowledge thoughtfully in daily life

  • Learning from mistakes and improving decisions

These practices help transform knowledge into wisdom, preparing me to make responsible, ethical, and effective decisions in life.

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